A more detailed guide of followers can be found here.
Follower:
Description:
Location:
Requirement:
Butch
Former Vault 101 dweller and bully
Open Vault 101 in the Trouble on the Homefront quest. You will find Butch in the Muddy Rudder in Rivet City.
Neutral
Charon
Brainwashed ghoul
Charon's contract can be purchased of Ahzrukal in Underworld (Museum of History) for 2000 caps
None
Clover
Brainwashed slave
She can be bought of Eulogy Jones in Paradise Falls for 1000 caps (or 500 if you use speech)
Low karma
Dogmeat
Dog
Dogmeat can be found wandering around in Scrapyard
None
Jericho
Mercenary
Can be hired in Megaton
Low karma
Star Paladin Cross
Brotherhood of Steel paladin
Cross will offer her services when you speak with her.
High karma
Fawkes
Intelligent super mutant
Fawkes can be found in Vault 87 in the course of the main quest, free him and he will meet you at the gates of Raven Rock after you escape.
High karma
Sergeant RL-3
Mr. Gutsy military model
RL-3 can be bought of the robot merchant Mister Tinker who wanders around the RobCo factory.
Neutral karma
Bobblehead - Stats
Stat:
Location:
Strength
Sheriff Lucas Simms' home in Megaton, second floor bedroom
Perception
Museum of Dave in the Republic of Dave
Endurance
On a table at the entrance of Deathclaw Sanctuary
Charisma
Cloning lab in Vault 108
Intelligence
Dr. Li's Table in the Science Lab in Rivet City
Agility
Goo-covered office in Greener Pastures Disposal
Luck
Northern house of Arlington Cemetery North, in the basement below the stairs
Bobblehead - Skills
Stat:
Location:
Barter
Evergreen Mills, in the back of Market Bazaar behind the Raider Trader that does not attack
Big Guns
In the basement of the CO Quarters at Fort Constantine
Energy Weapons
Raven Rock, sector 2B, on Colonel Autumn's table
Explosives
Sealed cistern in WKML Broadcast Station
Lockpick
Bethesda Ruins, Bethesda Office East, top floor on a desk with an active lamp
Medicine
Your dad's desk in Vault 101 (available both before you take the GOAT and at your escape)
Melee Weapons
Mall maintenance room in the Virulent Underchambers in Dunwich Building
Repair
Evan King's House in Arefu
Science
Second floor, medical bay in Vault 106 living quarters
Small Guns
National Guard Depot, equipment storage (use power switch to open)
Sneak
Yao Guai Tunnels, in the eastern portion of the Den
Speech
Paradise Falls, on a table in Eulogy's Pad
Unarmed
To the west of Casey Smith's garage, Rockopolis, next to Argyle's body
Fatman
Item:
Location:
Fat Man
On a Brotherhood of Steel paladin (killed by Behemoth) in GNR plaza
In the Rivet City Market, Flak & Shrapnel's weapon store
Evergreen Mills foundry, locked storage room
Germantown basement
Ground floor armory of Germantown Police HQ
Fort Bannister main, locked storage room
Fort Constantine, bomb storage
Old Olney, sewers, southeastern safe storage room
On Talon Mercenary in the Capitol during or after fighting the Behemoth
White House, utility tunnel, on concrete island near skeleton
On a dead Wastelander in a random encounter
MIRV
The experimental MIRV mini nuke launcher can be found in the National Guard Depot after getting all 5 Keller family transcripts (see below)
Mini Nuke
Random encounter: inventory of Lucky Harith
Random encounter: dead wastelander with Fat Man also has one mini nuke
Agatha's House: in Agatha's Locked Ammo Box
Auto Shop, exterior parking lot, on the body of the Behemoth
Bethesda Ruins: Bethesda Offices West, top floor, by chest freezer
Bethesda Ruins: Bethesda Offices East, between two filing cabinets in the room just inside the exit to the exterior balcony
Bethesda Ruins: Bethesda Underworks, storeroom
Broadcast Tower KT8: drainage chamber, under floor hatch
(3) Capitol Building: in the Talon-Behemoth fight, one Talon Merc and the Behemoth carry a mini nuke, there is a third in the weapon cache
Cliffside Cavern: inside the tent
DeathClaw Sanctuary: entrance chamber
Drainage Chamber: underground office
Enclave Camp: sometimes located on Enclave troops dropped on bridge by a vertibird
(5) Explosive Alley: part of explosive trap
Five Axles Rest Stop: inside one of the truck containers
Fort Bannister: there is a mini nuke near the Fat Man
(3) Fort Constantine, in the same chamber as the Fat Man
(2) Fort Independence: lower level, Outcast weapons room
Franklin Metro Utility: flooded end tunnel, underwater
(4) GNR Plaza: on the body of the fallen Brotherhood Knight
Hallowed Moors Cemetary: on the table
Hamilton's Hideaway: in Three Dog's cache as part of Caching in with Three Dog quest
Irradiated Metro: just outside Irradiated Metro on ranger once Reilly's Rangers quest is complete
Jackknifed Truck: back of container truck
Jackknifed Truck: inside tipped-over container of truck
Jury Street Metro Station: west of Jury Street Metro, the Behemoth carries one
Jury Street Metro Station: Gold Ribbon Grocers as part of Rube's Gold Ribbon quest
L.O.B. Enterprises: East Wing, on top of light fixture in CEO's bathroom
Megaton: possible reward in The Wasteland Survival Guide quest
Meresti Trainyard: lower mezzanine, northeast corner, on the elevated platform roof above work bench; dislodge with gunfire or explosives
La Moison Beauregard: lobby, pool table
The National Archives: sub-basement, tunnel junction
(5) National Guard Depot: in armory with MIRV
Oasis: in the Sunken Caverns
Old Olney: sewers, generator room
Outpost: on a shelf near a gun cabinet
(2) Overlooked raider shack, in the bathtub
Raider Wharf: base of bookcase
The Roach King: rocket throne
Ruined Chapel: by the pulpit
Ruined Farmhouse: shelf at the rear of the building
Ruined Farmstead: in barn inside the open tool cabinet
(2) SatCom Array NN-03d: on Super Mutant mannequin
Super-Duper Mart: inside locked storage room
Super Mutant Bonfire: on the concrete ground, near Health and Ammo stash
Tenpenny Tower: Dashwood's Safe
VAPL-58 Power Station: on top of the light near the door
VAPL-66 Power Station: on the floor to the side of the desk
VAPL-84 Power Station: in the container truck outside
Vault 106: science labs
Wasteland Gypsy Village: in the shack with the tree stump left of the door
Wastelander Pylon: at the base of the pylon
(3) White House: near the Fat Man
Wrecked Vehicles: Raider's Jetty north of the vehicles
Keller Family transcripts
3rd power mast north of VAPL-58 Power Station, in a bookcase
Hallowed Moors Cemetery church, on the pedestal
Grisly Diner, on a desk at the back of the building
A shack at the top of a cliff west of Rockbreaker's Last Gas
A tent north of Anchorage Memorial, inhabited by a Super Mutant master, centaur and captive
Behemoths
GNR plaza, a Behemoth appears during the main quest
Evergreen Mills, an captured unarmed Behemoth is trapped behind an electrical fence and can be released by disabling the generator or alternatively sniped from behind the fence. Disable the generator from a distance to have the Behemoth attack the raiders.
Capitol, at the west entrance a Behemoth is figting Talon Company mercenaries
West of Jury Street Metro Station, look for a bunch of wrecked train cars, then look for a shopping cart with a teddy bear in it in one of the train cars. Take the teddy bear out and hide near by, a Behemoth should appear. Alternatively, trigger this Behemoth's appearance in the Searching for Cheryl quest
Takoma Industrial Factory, a Behemoth is to the north of this factory amidst some wrecked cars. Active the switch near the water tower to get some artillery help.